Abstract
What’s termed the ‘new barbarism thesis’ has made an appearance in many contexts. Included in this are the apparent recidivism of sub-Saharan Africa’s domestic unrest and also the internecine enmities from the Balkans towards the rise of neo-Orientalism, the West’s retreat from multiculturalism and also the Malthusianism of ecological scarcity. 2 While frequently neither coherent nor especially sophisticated, its influence continues to be, and remains, profound. At its heart lies an overarching concern to create what Dag Tuastad calls ‘explanations of political violence that omit economic and political interests and contexts when describing violence, and presents violence because of traits baked into local cultures’. 3 For Mahmood Mamdani, it assumes, quite simply, ‘that every culture includes a tangible essence that defines it, also it then explains politics as a result of that essence’. It’s, he continues, ‘no longer the marketplace(capitalism), nor the condition (democracy), but culture (modernity) that’s stated is the dividing line between individuals towards a peaceful, social existence and individuals inclined to [take part in] terror’ and violence. 4
Nowadays the conflict between civilisation and barbarism has had an ominous turn. We face a conflict between civilisation and culture, which was once on a single side. Civilisation means rational reflection, material wellbeing, individual autonomy and ironic self-doubt culture means a kind of existence that’s customary, collective, passionate, spontaneous, unre-flective and arational. It is no wonder, then, to locate we have civilisation whereas they’ve culture. Culture may be the new barbarism. 1
Terry Eagleton, ‘Culture Conundrum’, 2008
Notes
3. D. Tuastad, ‘Neo-Orientalism and also the New Barbarism Thesis: Facets of Symbolic Violence in the centre East Conflict(s)’, Under Developed Quarterly 24 (2003), p. 591. CrossRef
6. J. Freedman, A. Levy, R. Buchanan and J. Cost, ‘Crowding and Human Aggression’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 8 (1972), p. 530. CrossRef
10. T. Vanhanen, ‘Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: a Comparative Analysis’, Journal of Peace Research 36 (1999), pp. 57–8 T. Vanhanen, Ethnic Conflicts Described by Ethnic Nepotism (Stanford, CT, 1999), p. 109. CrossRef
15. A Kundnani, ‘In an overseas Land: The Brand New Popular Racism’, Race Class 43 (2001), p. 50.
17. J. Levy and T. C. Morgan, ‘The Frequency and Significance of War: An Inverse Relationship’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 28 (1984), pp. 731–49. CrossRef
20Kay. Webb, ‘Science, Biology and Conflict’, Paradigms 6 (1992), pp. 79–83. CrossRef
22. D. Campbell, ‘On the Conflict between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition’, American Psychiatrist 30 (1975), p. 1115. CrossRef
24. A. Somit, ‘Humans, Chimps and Bonobos: The Biological Bases of Aggression, War and Peacemaking’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 34 (1990), p. 562. CrossRef
27. M. Novak, ‘Rediscovering Culture’, Journal of Democracy 12 (2001), p. 169. CrossRef
28. S. David, ‘Why the 3rd World Still Matters’, Worldwide Security 17 (1992), p. 138. CrossRef
31. S. Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’, Foreign Matters 72 (1993), pp. 22, 25.
32. D. Welch, ‘The “Clash of Civilizations” Thesis being an Argument so that as a Phenomenon’, Security Studies 6 (1997), p. 198. CrossRef
33. E. Abrahamian, ‘The US Media, Huntington and September 11’, Under Developed Quarterly 24 (2005), p. 529. CrossRef
37. Q. Wiktorowicz, ‘A Genealogy of Radical Islam’, Studies incompatible and Terrorism 28 (2005), p. 75. CrossRef
40. Reported in Sageman, Understanding Terror Systems. p. vii D. Prepare, ‘The Recovery of Radical Islam within the Wake from the Defeat from the Taliban’, Terrorism and Political Violence 15 (2003), p. 52. CrossRef
46. C. Flournoy Swiney, ‘Racial Profiling of Arabs and Muslims in america: Historic, Empirical, and Legal Analysis Put on world war 2 on Terrorism’, Muslim World: Journal of Human Legal rights 3 (2006), pp. 22–3, 13.
50. S. Bassnett, ‘Translating Terror’, Under Developed Quarterly 26 (2005), p. 395. CrossRef
58. M. Duffield, ‘Racism Migration and Development: The Principles of Planetary Order’, Progress in Development Studies 6 (2006), p. 70. CrossRef
59. R. Grosfoguel, ‘ “Cultural Racism” and Colonial Caribbean Migrants in Core Zones from the Capitalist World-Economy’, Review: Fernand Braudel Center 22 (1999), p. 412.
63. R. Jackson, ‘Constructing Opponents: “Islamic Terrorism” in Political and Academic Discourse’, Government and Opposition 42 (2007), p. 421.
64. B. Lindsey, ‘At the Gates, Again: A Brand New Barbarism’, National Review 19 November. 2002. Online edition: world wide web.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4150 utilized 19 Sep. 2009. D. Kelly, ‘The Assault on Civilization’, Navigator 4 (2001), pp. 1–4.
68. M. Duffield, ‘The Symphony from the Damned: Racial Discourse, Complex Political Emergencies and Humanitarian Aid’, Disasters 20 (1998), p. 175.
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